Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Node-based clade

Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491.

Defined by the most recent common ancestor (and all its descendants) of

Arthropoda ([unranked]) Siebold, 1848		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("arthropods").
Kinorhyncha ([unranked])		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("kinorhynchs").
Nematoda ([unranked]) Gegenbaur, 1859		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("nematodes").
Nematomorpha ([unranked])		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("nematomorphs").
Onychophora ([unranked])		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("onychophorans").
Priapula ([unranked])		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("priapulids").
Tardigrada ([unranked]) Doyère, 1840		Ref: A.M.A. Aguinaldo et al., 1997: 491 ("tardigrades").

Current position

Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908

Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1b); Giribet & Edgecombe, 2019: fig. 1b.

Alternative positions

Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 551.
Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
protostomes (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).

Historical positions

protostomes (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3).
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: G. Giribet & G.D. Edgecombe, 2019: 168 (fig. 1c).
bilaterians ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: T.-M. Lu et al., 2017: 2, 6 (fig. 4a).
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 152; 119.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: D.P. Gordon, 2009: 19.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2005: 2. [out of scope (coherent)]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: D. Grimaldi & M.S. Engel, 2005: table 3.1. [implicit]
Eubilateria ([unranked]) Ax, 1987	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1052. [new position]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: fig. 9.26B.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: J.M. Mallatt et al., 2004: 180.
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172.
Bilateria ([unranked]) Hatschek, 1888	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 544, 551, 557, tab. 2, fig. 4.

Number of Subtaxa

1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[9p]
2015	M.J. Benton: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe)	[8p]
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken: 152	[8p];~1,230,400s
2010	E.J. van Nieukerken: 152	[8p];~1,230,400s
2004	E.E. Ruppert et al.: fig. 9.26B	[10p]
2001	K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse	[10p]
2000	G. Giribet et al.	[8p]