Phylogeny

Holophyletic

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 206, 214.

Ancestor

Choanofila (Subphylum) Cavalier-Smith, 2009		Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 160.
Choanozoa (Phylum) Cavalier-Smith, 1981		Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): fig. 2.
Protozoa (Kingdom) Goldfuss, 1818		Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): fig. 2.

Original position

naturalia ([unranked])

Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 6.

Subsequent positions

Eukaryota (Domain) Chatton, 1925

Original entries

Cycliophora (Phylum) Funch & Kristensen, 1995
Mammalia (Class) Linnaeus, 1758
Mesozoa (Subkingdom) van Beneden, 1876
Protozoa (Class) G.A. Goldfuss, 1820

Current position

filozoa ([unranked]) Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008

Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156. [implicit]

Alternative positions

Eukarya (Superkingdom) Chatton, 1925	Ref: R.S.K. Barnes, 2002: 171.
Eukaryota (Superkingdom) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 34).
Eukaryota (Empire) (Chatton, 1925)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2004: 1252.
Eukaryota (Domain) Chatton, 1925	Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2001: 403.
Eukaryotae (Superkingdom)	Ref: W.J. Bock, 1982: 489.
Holozoa ([unranked]) Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11.
Holozoa (Clade) Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger 2002 [Adl et al. 2012]	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 9. [indirect]
Metakaryota (Superkingdom)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1993b: table 1 (p. 955).
naturalia ([unranked])	Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 6. [alternative name]
Opisthokonta (Clade) Cavalier-Smith 1987, nom. cl. inval.	Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2008: 485.
opisthokonts ([unranked])	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): fig. 2.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 161.

Historical positions

eukaryotes ([unranked])	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021): 556, fig. 11.
holozoa ([unranked]) Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2022(2021) (alt.): table 2 (p. 564), fig. 11.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 130).
Eukaryota (Superkingdom) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 34).
eukaryotes ([unranked])	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 117, fig. 2; abstract.
filozoa ([unranked]) Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2013(2012): 156, 160, fig. 2. [alternative position]
opisthokonts ([unranked])	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2010a: 342, fig. 1.
Eukaryota (Superkingdom) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978	Ref: D.P. Gordon, 2009: 17-22.
Opisthokonta (Clade) Cavalier-Smith 1987, nom. cl. inval.	Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2008: 485, 531.
Eukaryota (Empire) (Chatton, 1925)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 2004: 1252.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: X.-G. Hou et al., 2004 [inferred name]
Eukarya (Superkingdom) Chatton, 1925	Ref: R.S.K. Barnes, 2002: 171.
Eukaryota (Domain) Chatton, 1925	Ref: P.M. Kirk et al., 2001: 403.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 2001: 8-21, fig. 1.2. [indirect]
opisthokonts ([unranked])	Ref: 2000: 127. [indirect]
Eukarya (Superkingdom) Chatton, 1925	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1998: 16, 203-211.
Eukaryota (Empire) (Chatton, 1925)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: table 1 (p. 208); table 4 (p. 235).
opisthokonta (Clade) Cavalier-Smith 1987, nom. cl. inval.	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1998: 213. [alternative position]
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: C. Nielsen, 1995
Metakaryota (Superkingdom)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1993b: table 1 (p. 955).
living organisms ([unranked])	Ref: M.B. Hart & C.L. Williams, 1993: [43].
Metakaryota (Superkingdom)	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, [1991(ined.?)]
Protozoa (Kingdom) Goldfuss, 1818	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, [1991(ined.?)] [excluded] [implicit]
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 2.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: R.S. Boardman et al., 1987
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: R.C. van Caenegem et al., 1979-1984
Eukaryotae (Superkingdom)	Ref: W.J. Bock, 1982: 489-490.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz, 1982: 159-165.
Eukaryota (Superkingdom) Whittaker & Margulis, 1978	Ref: T. Cavalier-Smith, 1981: tables 1 (p. 462), 11 (p. 477).
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979: 306, 318.
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: R.H. Whittaker, 1969
organisms ([unranked])	Ref: R.H. Whittaker, 1959
Organismen ([unranked])	Ref: W. Schoenichen, 1927
Organismen ([unranked])	Ref: E. Haeckel, 1891: 249.
Organismen ([unranked])	Ref: E. Haeckel, 1890: 18.
Organismen ([unranked])	Ref: E. Haeckel, 1889: 421.
Organismen ([unranked])	Ref: E. Haeckel, 1866: pl. I; pp. XIX, XLVIII.
naturalia ([unranked])	Ref: C. Linnaeus, 1758: 6. [alternative name]

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	33p;94c;583o;6304f;81,226g;213,669s;28,307ss;482v;1; ‡2o;20f;118g;514s;110ss;1v; †4p;70c;531o;3371f;14,028g;5578s;107ss;2v;104
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[33p];~1,487,135s
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 130)	393,235*ng;183,743[-294,442]*g; †23.0%g
2015b	M.A. Ruggiero et al.: table 2 (p. 54)	[34p]
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 6	[39p];1,659,420*[1,525,728]s; †[1p];133,692s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 8, 9	40[39]p;1,552,319[1,527,660]s; †1p;24,659s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 8, 9	40[39]p;1,552,319[1,527,660]s; †1p;24,659s
2005	D. Grimaldi & M.S. Engel	[35p];>1,000,000s
2004	T. Cavalier-Smith: 1252	[22p]
2002	R.S.K. Barnes	[10Sp]
2000		9474s
1998	T. Cavalier-Smith	23p
1995	C. Nielsen	33p
1993b	T. Cavalier-Smith: 955	[2sk]
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	[36p]
1985		33p
1982	W.J. Bock	[38p;98c];>1,000,000s
1982	L. Margulis & K.V. Schwartz	32p
1877	E.R. Lankester: 454	[12p;56c;185o; †6o]
1866		5p