Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia - (Phylum) Porifera - (Class) Demospongiae

Current position

Heteroscleromorpha (Subclass) Cárdenas, Pérez & Boury-Esnault, 2012

Ref: P. Cárdenas et al., 2012: table 2.11 (p. 174).

Alternative positions

Ceractinomorpha (Subclass) Lévi, 1953	Ref: J.N.A. Hooper et al., 2011: 16.
Demospongiae (Class) Sollas, 1885	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 36).

Historical positions

Demospongiae (Class) Sollas, 1885	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 36).
Heteroscleromorpha (Subclass) Cárdenas, Pérez & Boury-Esnault, 2012	Ref: P. Cárdenas et al., 2012: table 2.11 (p. 174).
Demospongiae (Class) Sollas, 1885	Ref: J.N.A. Hooper et al., 2011: 14.
Ceractinomorpha (Subclass) Lévi, 1953	Ref: J.N.A. Hooper et al., 2011: 16. [alternative position]
Ceractinomorpha (Subclass) Lévi, 1953	Ref: R.M. Finks & J.K. Rigby, 2004a: 46; 2, table 1 (p. 793).
Demospongiae (Class) Sollas, 1885	Ref: J.N.A. Hooper & R.W.M. van Soest, 2002: 721.
Ceractinomorpha (Subclass) Lévi, 1953	Ref: R.W.M. van Soest, 2001: 89.
Ceractinomorpha (Subclass) Lévi, 1953	Ref: W.D. Hartman, 1982: 653.
Monaxonida (Subclass) Ridley & Dendy, 1887	Ref: T.I. Storer et al., 1979

Number of Subtaxa

2025	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	7f;57g;25s; †4g
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000: 16 Mar 2015	[7f;57g]
	R.W.M. van Soest et al.: [18 Feb 2015]	[6f;53g]
2011	J.N.A. Hooper et al.: 14, 16	5f; †1f;1g
2004a	J.K. Rigby: 2	[1f]; †[1f];2g
2002	J.N.A. Hooper & R.W.M. van Soest	[5f]
1982	W.D. Hartman	2f