Concise hierarchy

(Kingdom) Animalia

Phylogeny

Holophyletic

Ref: M. Thollesson & J.L. Norenburg, 2003

Original entries

Neonemertea ([unranked]) Thollesson & Norenburg, 2003

Ref: M. Thollesson & J.L. Norenburg, 2003: fig. 1.

Current position

Trochozoa ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944

Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 551.

Alternative positions

Acoelomates ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8.
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: R. Gibson, 1982: 823.
Eutrochozoa (Superphylum) Ghiselin, 1988	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [implicit]
Eutrochozoa ([unranked]) Ghiselin, 1988	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172. [inferred rank]
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1048.
Lophotrochozoa (Superphylum) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake, 1995	Ref: 06/12/2004
Parenchymia (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 46).

Historical positions

Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: T. Rees et al., 2020: table 2 (p. 131).
Parenchymia (Clade)	Ref: F. Marlétaz et al., 2019: 5 (fig. 3). [inferred rank]
Spiralia (Superphylum) Schleip, 1929	Ref: M.A. Ruggiero et al., 2015b: table 2 (p. 46).
Trochozoa ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944	Ref: M.J. Benton, 2015: fig. 1.6 (G. Edgecombe). [out of scope (coherent)]
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2013: 8.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: Z.-Q. Zhang, 2011: 10.
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: E.J. van Nieukerken, 2010: 120.
Spiralia ([unranked]) Schleip, 1929	Ref: E.E. Ruppert et al., 2004: 270-282, fig. 9.26B.
Lophotrochozoa (Clade) Halanych, Bacheller, Aguinaldo, Liva, Hillis & Lake 1995	Ref: J. Baguñà & M. Riutort, 2004: 1048. [inferred rank]
Metazoa ([unranked]) Haeckel 1874	Ref: R. Gibson, 1982
Eutrochozoa ([unranked]) Ghiselin, 1988	Ref: K.J. Peterson & D.J. Eernisse, 2001: 172, [176]; 204.
Trochozoa ([unranked]) Beklemischev, 1944	Ref: G. Giribet et al., 2000: 551, fig. 4; 544, tab. 1.
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: M.A. Wills, 1993: [555].
Animalia (Kingdom) Linnaeus, 1758	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 315-333; 4.
Acoelomates ([unranked]) Hyman, 1951	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 48. [alternative position]
Protostomia ([unranked]) Grobben, 1908	Ref: R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca, 1990: 118. [alternative position]
Eumetazoa (Subkingdom) Butschli, 1910	Ref: R. Gibson, 1982: 823.

Number of Subtaxa

2024	Available in Systema Naturae 2000	1c;2o;39f;183g;471s;6ss; †2g;1s
1989-present	Systema Naturae 2000	[1c;2o;39f;183g]
2020	T. Rees et al.: table 2 (p. 131)	508*ng;348[-393]*g; †1.1%g
2013	Z.-Q. Zhang: 8	1,358s; †0s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 10	1200s
2011	Z.-Q. Zhang: 10	1200s
2003	M. Thollesson & J.L. Norenburg: 407	~250g;~1150ns
1997	TAMU	250g1,149s; †3g
1990	R.C. Brusca & G.J. Brusca	2c;4o;~900s
1982	R. Gibson	[2c;4o;38f;176g];900s