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Taxon:
Phylum
Porifera
Grant, 1836
(sponge)
Taxa
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Hierarchy
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Classification by:
(1995) Zoological Record
(1998) Zoological Record
Benton (1993) The Fossil Record 2
Boardman et al. (1987) Fossil Invertebrates
Systema Naturae 2000
Brusca & Brusca (1990) Invertebrates
Cárdenas et al. (2012) Sponge Systematics Facing New Challenges
Cavalier-Smith (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life
Cavalier-Smith (2022(2021) (alt.)) [Cladistic Classification]
Costello et al. (2001) European Register of Marine Species
Finks et al. (2004) Volume 3: Porifera (Demospongea, Hexactinellida, Heteractinida, Calcarea)
Fusco (2019) Perspectives on Evolutionary and Developmental Biology
Hansson (1999) Scandinavian marine Porifera (Spongiaria) Check-List
Hooper & van Soest (2002) Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges
Lankester (1877) Notes on the Embryology and Classification of the Animal Kingdom
Margulis & Schwartz (1982) Five Kingdoms
Margulis & Schwartz (1998) Five Kingdoms
Nielsen (1995) Animal Evolution
Nielsen (2001) Animal Evolution
Noordijk et al. (2010) De Nederlandse Biodiversiteit
Parker (1982) Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Peterson & Eernisse (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences
Rees et al. (2020) All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)
Ruggiero et al. (2015b) Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms
Ruppert et al. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology
Schopf & Klein (1992) The Proterozoic Biosphere: a multidisciplinary study
Sepkoski (2002) A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera
Storer et al. (1979) General Zoology
van Caenegem et al. (1979-1984) Grote Winkler Prins Encyclopedie, Achtste druk
Webby (2015) Outline Classification and Ranges of Taxa of the Hypercalcified Porifera
Zhang (2011) Animal biodiversity
Zhang (2013) Animal Biodiversity
Phylum
Porifera
Grant, 1836 - sponges
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Last updated:
28 Aug 2026
Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836 - sponges