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Taxon:
Phylum
Gnathostomulida
Ax, 1956
(invertebrate)
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Hierarchy
Nomenclature
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Classification by:
(1995) Zoological Record
(1998) Zoological Record
Benton (2015) Vertebrate Palaeontology
Boardman et al. (1987) Fossil Invertebrates
Systema Naturae 2000
Brusca & Brusca (1990) Invertebrates
Costello et al. (2001) European Register of Marine Species
Giribet et al. (2000) Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology
Margulis & Schwartz (1982) Five Kingdoms
Margulis & Schwartz (1998) Five Kingdoms
Marlétaz et al. (2019) A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans
Nielsen (2001) Animal Evolution
Noordijk et al. (2010) De Nederlandse Biodiversiteit
Parker (1982) Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Peterson & Eernisse (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences
Rees et al. (2020) All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)
Ruggiero et al. (2015b) Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms
Ruppert et al. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology
Storer et al. (1979) General Zoology
van Caenegem et al. (1979-1984) Grote Winkler Prins Encyclopedie, Achtste druk
Zhang (2011) Animal biodiversity
Zhang (2013) Animal Biodiversity
Phylum
Gnathostomulida
Ax, 1956 - gnathostomulids
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Last updated:
28 Aug 2026
Phylum Gnathostomulida Ax, 1956 - gnathostomulids