living organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Eukaryotae see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
       Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910 see [unranked] Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910
         Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
           Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates
             Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes
               Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838 - shark-like fishes
                 Euselachii Hay, 1902 - spined sharks and relatives see Infraclass Euselachii Hay, 1902
                   Neoselachii Compagno, 1977 - modern sharks and rays see Cohort Neoselachii Compagno, 1977
                     Batoidea - rays see Subdivision Batoidea
                       Rajiformes Berg, 1940 - skates
                         Rajidae Blainville, 1816 - skates
                           Raja Linnaeus, 1758 - skates
                             Raja texana Chandler, 1921 - Roundel skate