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Taxon:
Phylum
Echinodermata
Bruguière, 1789
(echinoderm)
Taxa
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Hierarchy
Nomenclature
Taxonomy
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Bibliography
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Classification by:
(1995) Zoological Record
(1998) Zoological Record
Benton (1993) The Fossil Record 2
Benton (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology
Benton (2015) Vertebrate Palaeontology
Boardman et al. (1987) Fossil Invertebrates
Bourlat et al. (2006) Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida.
Systema Naturae 2000
Brusca & Brusca (1990) Invertebrates
Cavalier-Smith (1998) A revised six-kingdom system of life
Costello et al. (2001) European Register of Marine Species
Fujita & Rowe (2002) Podosphaerasteridae fam. nov. (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Valvatida), with a New Species, {Podosphaeraster toyoshiomaruae}, from Southern Japan
Giribet et al. (2000) Triploblastic Relationships with Emphasis on the Acoelomates and the Position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A Combined Approach of 18S rDNA Sequences and Morphology
Grzimek (1973-1975) Het Leven der Dieren
Margulis & Schwartz (1982) Five Kingdoms
Margulis & Schwartz (1998) Five Kingdoms
Möhn (1984) System und Phylogenie der Lebewesen
Nelson (2006) Fishes of the World
Nielsen (1995) Animal Evolution
Nielsen (2001) Animal Evolution
Noordijk et al. (2010) De Nederlandse Biodiversiteit
Parker (1982) Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms
Peterson & Eernisse (2001) Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences
Rees et al. (2020) All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG)
Ruggiero et al. (2015b) Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms
Ruppert et al. (2004) Invertebrate Zoology
Schopf & Klein (1992) The Proterozoic Biosphere: a multidisciplinary study
Sepkoski (2002) A Compendium of Fossil Marine Animal Genera
Storer et al. (1979) General Zoology
van Caenegem et al. (1979-1984) Grote Winkler Prins Encyclopedie, Achtste druk
Zhang (2011) Animal biodiversity
Zhang (2013) Animal Biodiversity
Phylum
Echinodermata
Bruguière, 1789 - echinoderms
©2004-2025 Universal Taxonomic Services
Last updated:
21 Sep 2025
Phylum Echinodermata Bruguière, 1789 - echinoderms