living organisms see Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
   Superkingdom Eukaryotae see Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925
     Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
       Subkingdom Eumetazoa Butschli, 1910 see [unranked] Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910
         Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
           Subphylum Vertebrata Cuvier, 1812 - vertebrates see Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801
             Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880 - cartilaginous fishes
               Subclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838 - shark-like fishes see Infraclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838
                 Cohort Euselachii Hay, 1902 - spined sharks and relatives see Subclass Euselachii Hay, 1902
                   Subcohort Neoselachii Compagno, 1977 - modern sharks and rays see Infraclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838
                     Superorder Batoidea - rays see Subdivision Batoidea
                       1 Order Rhinobatiformes Müller & Henle, 1837 - guitarfishes see Order Rhinopristiformes Naylor, Caira, Jensen, Rosana, Straube & Lakner, 2012
                       2 Order Rajiformes Berg, 1940 - skates
                       3 Order Pristiformes - guitarfishes and sawfishes see Order Rhinopristiformes Naylor, Caira, Jensen, Rosana, Straube & Lakner, 2012
                       4 Order Torpediniformes de Buen, 1926 - electric rays
                       5 Order Myliobatiformes Compagno, 1973 - stingrays