Natura - nature
actualia - actual entities
Mundus Plinius - physical world
naturalia - natural bodies
Clade Biota Wagner 2004 [Wiemann, de Queiroz, Rowe, Planavsky, Anderson, Gogarten, Turner & Gauthier 2020]
Clade neomura Cavalier-Smith, 1987
Domain Eukaryota Chatton, 1925 - eukaryotes
Clade discaria Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade dorsates Cavalier-Smith, 2021
Clade podiates Cavalier-Smith, 2012
Clade Amorphea Adl et al. 2012 [Simpson, Medina & Adl 2020]
Clade Obazoa Brown, Sharpe, Silberman, Heiss, Lang, Simpson & Roger 2013
Clade Opisthokonta Cavalier-Smith 1987 [Simpson & Medina 2020] - animal-fungal clade
Superkingdom Holozoa Lang, O'Kelly, Nerad, Gray & Burger, 2002
Clade filozoa Shalchian-Tabrizi, Minge, Espelund, Orr, Ruden, Jakobsen & Cavalier-Smith, 2008
Kingdom Animalia Linnaeus, 1758 - animals
Clade Planulozoa Wallberg, Thollesson, Farris & Jondelius 2004
Subkingdom Bilateria Hatschek, 1888 - bilaterians
Clade Nephrozoa Jondelius, Ruiz-Trillo, Baguñà & Riutort 2002
Infrakingdom Deuterostomia Grobben, 1908
Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 - chordates
Subphylum Craniata auct.
Infraphylum Vertebrata Lamarck, 1801 - vertebrates
Clade Pan-Gnathostomata Downs 2020
Superclass Gnathostomataáµ€ Gegenbaur, 1874 - jawed vertebrates
[crown] Clade Eugnathostomata
Clade Pan-Osteichthyes Rowe 2004 [Moore & Near 2020]
Clade Osteichthyes Huxley 1880 [Moore & Near 2020]
Clade Pan-Sarcopterygii
Clade Sarcopterygii Romer, 1955
Clade Dipnotetrapodomorpha Nelson, 2006
Clade Rhipidistia Cope, 1887
Clade Tetrapodomorpha Ahlberg, 1991
Clade Osteolepidida Boulenger 1901 [Cloutier & Ahlberg 1996]
Clade Eotetrapodiformes Coates & Friedman, 2010
[crown] Clade Elpistostegalia Camp & Allison, 1961
Clade Stegocephali Cope 1868 [Laurin 2020]
Clade Labyrinthodontia Owen 1859 [Laurin 2020]
Clade Tetrapoda Hatschek & Cori 1896 [Laurin 2020]
Clade Pan-Amniota Rowe 2004 [Laurin & Smithson 2020]
Clade Batrachosauria
Clade Amniota Haeckel 1866 [Laurin & Reisz 2020]
Class Reptilia Linnaeus, 1758 - reptiles
Clade Eureptilia Olson, 1947
Clade Romeriida Gauthier, Kluge & Rowe, 1988
Clade Diapsida Osborn 1903 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2020]
Clade Neodiapsida Benton 1985
Clade Pan-Archelosauria W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021, sedis mutabilis
Clade Archelosauria N.G. Crawford, J.F. Parham, A.B. Sellas, B.C. Faircloth, T.C. Glenn, T.J. Papenfuss, ..., W.B. Simison 2015 [W.G. Joyce, J. Anquetin, E. Cadena, J. Claude, I.G. Danilov, S.W. Evers, ..., J.F. Parham 2021]
Clade Pan-Archosauria Gauthier 2020
Clade Archosauromorpha von Huene 1946 [Gauthier 2020]
Clade Crocopoda Ezcurra 2016
Clade Archosauriformes Gauthier 1994 [Gauthier 2020]
Clade Crurotarsi Sereno & Arcucci 1990
Clade Archosauriaáµ€ Cope 1869 [Gauthier & Padian 2020]
Clade Pan-Aves Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Ornithodira Gauthier 1986 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dinosauromorpha Benton 1985 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dinosauriformes Novas 1992 [M. Ezcurra, S. Nesbitt, M. Bronzati, F. Dalla Vecchia, F. Agnolin, R. Benson, ..., M. Langer 2020]
Clade Dracohorsáµ€ Cau 2018
Clade Dinosauria Owen 1842 [Langer, Novas, Bittencourt, Ezcurra & Gauthier 2020]
Clade Saurischiaáµ€ Seeley 1888 [Gauthier, Langer, Novas, Bittencourt & Ezcurra 2020]
Clade Eusaurischia Padian et al. 1999
Clade Theropoda Marsh 1881 [Naish, Cau, Holtz Jr., Fabbri & Gauthier 2020]
Clade Neotheropoda Bakker 1986 [Sereno 1998]
Clade Averostraáµ€ Paul 2002
Clade Tetanurae Gauthier 1986
Clade Orionides Carrano, Benson & Sampson 2012
Clade Avetheropoda Paul 1988 [Padian et al. 1999]
Clade Coelurosauria Huene 1914 [Gauthier 1986]
Clade Tyrannoraptora Sereno 1999, nom. cl. inval.
Clade Maniraptoriformes Holtz 1995 [Holtz 1996]
Clade Maniraptora Gauthier 1986
Clade Pennaraptora Foth et al. 2014
Clade Paraves Sereno 1997 [Sereno 1998]
Clade Avialae Gauthier 1986
Subclass Aves Linnaeus, 1758
Clade Pygostylia Chatterjee 1997 [Chiappe 2001]
Clade Ornithothoraces Chiappe 1995
Clade Ornithuromorpha Chiappe 2001
Clade Ornithurae Haeckel 1866 [Gauthier 1986] {Chiappe 1991}
Clade Carinatae Merrem 1813 [Gauthier & de Queiroz 2001]
[crown] Clade Neornithes Gadow, 1893 - living birds
Cohort Neognathae Pycraft, 1900
Subcohort Neoaves Sibley et al., 1988
Division Terrestrornithes B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Subdivision Dendrornithes Verheyen, 1961
Section Anomalogonates Garrod, 1874
Subsection Pico-clamatores B.C. Livezey & R.L. Zusi, 2007
Superorder Passerimorphae Sibley et al., 1988
Order Passeriformesáµ€ Linnaeus, 1758
Suborder Passeresáµ€ (C. Linnaeus, 1758) C. Linnaeus, 1766
Parvorder Passeridaáµ€ (C. Linnaeus, 1758) Sibley et al., 1988
Superfamily Passeroideaáµ€
Family Emberizidae Vigors, 1825 - buntings, American sparrows and allies
1.01 Genus Melophus Swainson, 1837 [monotypic]
1.02 Genus Latoucheornis Bangs, 1931 [monotypic]
1.03 Genus Emberizaáµ€ Linnaeus, 1758
1.04 Genus Calcarius Bechstein, 1802
1.05 Genus Plectrophenax Stejneger, 1882
1.06 Genus Calamospiza Bonaparte, 1838 [monotypic]
1.07 Genus Passerella Swainson, 1837
1.08 Genus Melospiza S.F. Baird, 1858
1.09 Genus Zonotrichia Swainson, 1832
1.10 Genus Junco Wagler, 1831
1.11.1 Genus Passerculus Bonaparte, 1838
1.11.2 Genus Ammodramus Swainson, 1827
1.12 Genus Xenospiza Bangs, 1931 [monotypic]
1.13 Genus Myospiza Ridgway, 1898
1.14 Genus Spizella Bonaparte, 1831
1.15 Genus Pooecetes S.F. Baird, 1858
1.16 Genus Chondestes Swainson, 1827
1.17 Genus Amphispiza Coues, 1874[1875]
1.18 Genus Aimophila Swainson, 1837
1.19 Genus Torreornis Barbour & Peters, 1927 [monotypic]
1.20 Genus Oriturus Bonaparte, 1850 [monotypic]
2 Genus Porphyrospiza Sclater & Salvin, 1873 [monotypic]
3.1.01 Genus Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844
3.1.02 Genus Melanodera Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.03 Genus Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851
3.1.04 Genus Acanthidops Ridgway, 1882 [monotypic]
3.1.05 Genus Lophospingus Cabanis, 1878
3.1.06 Genus Donacospiza Cabanis, in Cabanis & Heine, 1850-1851[1851] [monotypic]
3.1.07 Genus Rowettia P.R. Lowe, 1923 [monotypic]
3.1.08 Genus Nesospiza Cabanis, 1873
3.1.09 Genus Diuca Reichenbach, 1850
3.1.10 Genus Idiopsar Cassin, 1866 [monotypic]
3.1.11 Genus Piezorhina Lafresnaye, 1843 [monotypic]
3.1.12 Genus Xenospingus Cabanis, 1867 [monotypic]
3.1.13 Genus Incaspiza Ridgway, 1898
3.1.14 Genus Poospiza Cabanis, 1847
3.1.15 Genus Sicalis Boie, 1828
3.1.16 Genus Emberizoides Temminck, 1822
3.1.17 Genus Embernagra Lesson, 1831
3.1.18 Genus Volatinia Reichenbach, 1850 [monotypic]
3.1.19 Genus Sporophila Cabanis, 1844
3.1.20 Genus Oryzoborus Cabanis, 1851
3.1.21 Genus Amaurospiza Cabanis, 1861
3.1.22 Genus "Melopyrrha" Bonaparte, 1853, nom. nud. [monotypic]
3.1.23 Genus Dolospingus Elliot, 1871 [monotypic]
3.1.24 Genus Catamenia Bonaparte, 1850
3.1.25 Genus Tiaris Swainson, 1827
3.1.26 Genus Loxipasser H. Bryant, 1866 [monotypic]
3.1.27 Genus Loxigilla Lesson, 1831
3.2 Genus Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856 [monotypic]
3.3.1 Genus Melanospiza Ridgway, 1897 [monotypic]
3.3.2 Genus Geospiza Gould, 1837
3.3.3 Genus Camarhynchus Gould, 1837
3.3.4 Genus Certhidea Gould, 1837 [monotypic]
3.3.5 Genus Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885 [monotypic]
4.1 Genus Pipilo Vieillot, 1816
4.2 Genus Melozone Reichenbach, 1850
4.3 Genus Arremonops Ridgway, 1896
4.4 Genus Arremon Vieillot, 1816
4.5 Genus Buarremon Bonaparte, 1850
5 Genus Oreothraupis P.L. Sclater, 1856 [monotypic]
6.1 Genus Pezopetes Cabanis, 1861 [monotypic]
6.2 Genus Lysurus Ridgway, 1898
6.3 Genus Atlapetes Wagler, 1831
6.4 Genus Pselliophorus Ridgway, 1898
7 Genus Urothraupis Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885 [monotypic]
8.1 Genus Charitospiza Oberholser, 1905 [monotypic]
8.2 Genus Saltatricula Burmeister, 1861 [monotypic]
8.3 Genus Coryphaspiza G.R. Gray, 1840 [monotypic]
8.4 Genus Coryphospingus Cabanis, in Cabanis & Heine, 1850-1851[1851]
8.5 Genus Rhodospingus Sharpe, 1888 [monotypic]
9.1 Genus Gubernatrix Lesson, 1837 [monotypic]
9.2 Genus Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832